Battery-powered sensor nodes encounter substantial energy constraints, especially in linear wireless sensor network (LWSN) applications like border surveillance and road, bridge, railway, powerline, and pipeline monitoring, where inaccessible locations exacerbate battery replacement challenges. Addressing these issues is crucial for extending a network’s lifetime and reducing operational costs. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the factors affecting WSN energy consumption at the node and network levels, alongside effective energy management strategies for prolonging the WSN’s lifetime. By categorizing existing strategies into node energy reduction, net-
work energy balancing, and energy replenishment, this study assesses their effectiveness when im- plemented in LWSN applications, providing valuable insights to assist engineers during the design of green and energy-efficient LWSN monitoring systems.